W B Langdon's Papers

W.B.Langdon . 10 May 2012

Go to Books, Plenary Talks, papers (2012 ,2011 ,2010 ,2009 ,2008 ,2007 ,2006 ,2005 ,2004 ,2003 ,2002 ,2001 ,2000 ,1999 ,1998 ,1997 ,1996 ,1995 ,Electricity Network Scheduling), (informal) joint papers.

BibTeX references of all my genetic programming papers can be found by clicking here.

Books

A Field Guide to Genetic Programming, R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and N. F. McPhee, with contributions by J.R. Koza, lulu.com, 2008. 250 pages.
Foundations of Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Springer, 2002. 274 pages.
Genetic Programming and Data Structures, W. B. Langdon, Kluwer, 1998, 292 pages. (slides).

Edited Books and Proceedings

Applications of Evolutionary Computation: EvoPAR 2012, LNCS 7248, April 11-13, Spain. BibTeX.
Hans-Georg Beyer W. B. Langdon, editors, Foundations of Genetic Algorithms XI, FOGA-2011, Schwarzenberg, Austria, 5-9 Jan 2011. BibTeX.
W. B. Langdon, E. Cantu-Paz, K. Mathias, R. Roy, D. Davis, R. Poli, K. Balakrishnan, V. Honavar, G. Rudolph, J. Wegener, L. Bull, M. A. Potter, A. C. Schultz, J. F. Miller, E. Burke, N. Jonoska editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO-2002 held in New York, 9-13th July 2002, (BibTeX). Papers.
L. Spector and E. Goodman and A. Wu and W. B. Langdon and H.-M. Voigt and M. Gen and S. Sen and M. Dorigo and S. Pezeshk and M. Garzon and E. Burke editors, Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO-2001 held in San Francisco, 7-11th July 2001, (BibTeX) Amazon Papers.
Julian F. Miller, Marco Tomassini, Pier Luca Lanzi, Conor Ryan, Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi and W. B. Langdon, editors, Proceedings of EuroGP2001, the 4th European Conference on Genetic Programming held at Lake Como, Italy, 18-20th April 2001, LNCS volume 2038. online (BibTeX)
Riccardo Poli, Wolfgang Banzhaf, William B. Langdon, Julian Miller, Peter Nordin, and Terence C. Fogarty, editors, The proceedings of EuroGP2000, the 3rd European Conference on Genetic Programming held in Edinburgh, 15-16th April 2000, Springer Verlag LNCS volume 1802.
Lee Spector, W. B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors. Advances in Genetic Programming 3. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999.
Riccardo Poli, Peter Nordin, William B. Langdon, and Terence C. Fogarty, editors, Genetic Programming, Proceedings of EuroGP'99, volume 1598 of LNCS, Goteborg, Sweden, 26-27 May 1999. Springer-Verlag.
Thomas Haynes, William B. Langdon and Una-May O'Reilly and Riccardo Poli and Justinian Rosca, editors Foundations of Genetic Programming 13 July, Orlando, Florida, USA. GECCO'99 workshop.
W. B. Langdon, Riccardo Poli, Peter Nordin, and Terry Fogarty, editors. Late-Breaking Papers of EuroGP-99, Goteborg, Sweden, 26-27 May 1999. (Available as CWI technical report SEN-R9913).
Riccardo Poli, W. B. Langdon, Marc Schoenauer, Terry Fogarty, and Wolfgang Banzhaf, Late Breaking Papers at EuroGP'98: the First European Workshop on Genetic Programming.
This booklet is available as technical report CSRP-98-10 (33MB you may want to save PDF to disk and then read it back.) from the School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.

Keynote Talks

8th Iberoamerican Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IBERAMIA) Seville, November 12-15th, 2002. Abstract
Hybrid Information Systems (HIS02) Santiago, 1-4 December, 2002. Abstract

Papers

2012

In Silico Infection of the Human Genome, W. B. Langdon and M. J. Arno, In EvoBIO 2012, Mario Giacobini and Leonardo Vanneschi and William Bush Eds., LNCS 7246, pp245-249, 11-13 April, Malaga, Spain. DOI PDF slides (including RNAnet demo).
See Technical Report etc. See journal article.

2011

Formal Concept Analysis on Graphics Hardware, W. B. Langdon, Shin Yoo and M. Harman, pp413-416, CLA 2011, Amedeo Napoli and Vilem Vychodil Eds. 17-20 October, Nancy, France. PDF poster
Technical Report RN/11/18. Non-Recursive Beam Search on GPU for Formal Concept Analysis, W. B. Langdon, Shin Yoo and M. Harman.
More Mouldy Data: Virtual Infection of the Human Genome, W. B. Langdon and M. J. Arno, Technical Report RN/11/14.
arXiv:1106.4192 More Mouldy Data: Another mycoplasma gene jumps the silicon barrier into the human genome. suplementary data directory (poster).
blog slashdot blogspot
Amara D. Angelica. Der Spiegel, Verseuchte Datenbanken, 04.07.2011 page 120. Genbanken von Bakterien infiziert science.orf.at, 28.06.2011. Mouldy chips New Scientist, 60 Seconds, volume 211, no 2821, page 5, 16 July 2011
Debugging CUDA, W. B. Langdon. CIGPU 2011, pp415-422. (PDF DOI slides).
Performing with CUDA, W. B. Langdon. CIGPU 2011, pp423-430. (PDF DOI slides).
Generalisation in Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon, in GECCO 2011, page 205 . (poster view | rotate view) $GP fits 37 dimensional hypershape from tiny fraction of 2**37 points on its surface$
Minimising Testing in Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon. RN/11/10
Graphics Processing Units and Genetic Programming: An overview, W. B. Langdon. Soft Computing, Volume 15, Number 8, pp. 1657-1669, DOI PDF
Elementary Bit String Mutation Landscapes, W. B. Langdon. In Foundations of Genetic Algorithms, Hans-Georg Beyer and W.B. Langdon, editors, Schwarzenberg, Austria, 5-9 Jan 2011, pages 25--42. (doi: PDF gzip ps).
Integer sequence A176296 of Eigen values (Matlab code).
2-bit Flip Mutation Elementary Fitness Landscapes, W. B. Langdon. Research Note RN/10/04, 15 Sept 2010, Department of Computer Science, University College, London.
Slides presented at Dagstuhl Seminar 10361, Theory of Evolutionary Algorithms. (PDF)

2010

A Survey of Spatial Defects in Homo Sapiens Affymetrix GeneChips, W. B. Langdon and G. J. G. Upton and R. da Silva Camargo and A. P. Harrison, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, 7(4) 647-653 oct-dec 2010. (DOI PubMed 21030732 PDF gzip ps). R code.
Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and R. I. McKay and L. Spector, Chapter 7 in Handbook of Metaheuristics, Michel Gendreau and Jean-Yves Potvin (editors), pages 185-225, Springer. Second edition. DOI (preprint)
GPU Working Party W. B. Langdon, GPGPU tutorial presented at Dagstuhl Seminar 10361 (pdf) Theory of Evolutionary Algorithms.
Efficient Multi Objective Higher Order Mutation Testing with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman and Yue Jia, Journal of Systems and Software, 83 (2010) 2416-2430. PDF DOI
Slides presented at Crest Open Workshop on Mutation Testing, 27 October 2010.
Evolving a CUDA Kernel from an nVidia Template, W.B. Langdon and M. Harman. In CIGPU (WCCI) 2010, pages 2376-2383, 18-23 July, Barcelona. PDF gzip ps doi Slides Grammar etc
Evolving gzip matches Kernel from an nVidia CUDA Template, W.B. Langdon and M. Harman. Technical report TR-10-02, 5 Feb 2010, Department of Computer Science, King's College, London.
Animation
Slides presented at invited talk to NCAF 2010. Handout, technical report TR-10-07.
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines: ten years of reviews, W.B. Langdon and S. M. Gustafson. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2010, 11(3/4) pp321-338. Open Access DOI PDF.
A Many Threaded CUDA Interpreter for Genetic Programming, W.B. Langdon, In EuroGP-2010, Anna I Esparcia-Alcazar, Aniko Ekart, Sara Silva, Stephen Dignum and A. Sima Uyar eds., LNCS 6021, pp146-158 Springer. (DOI PDF gzip ps). Slides
code.
Automated DNA Motif Discovery, W.B. Langdon, Olivia Sanchez Graillet, A. P. Harrison. arXiv:1002.0065v1
Large Scale Bioinformatics Data Mining with Parallel Genetic Programming on Graphics Processing Units, W.B. Langdon. In Parallel and Distributed Computational Intelligence, Francisco Fernandez de Vega and Erick Cantu-Paz Eds., chapter 5, 113-141, Studies in Computational Intelligence, Vol. 269, Springer, 2010. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-10675-0_6 (preprint)
RNAnet a Map of Human Gene Expression, W.B. Langdon, Olivia Sanchez Graillet, A. P. Harrison. One page summary. arXiv:1001.4263

2009

A SIMT Interpreter for Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon. Entry to GPUs for Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Competition, GECCO 2009, 8 July. Slides presented at CIGPU and in Paris . Technical report TR-09-05, Department of Computer Science, King's College, London, 10 June 2009. C++ code.
Multi Objective Mutation Testing with Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Mark Harman and Yue Jia, TAIC-PART pp21-29, 4-6 September 2009. PDF ps.gz (slides, Movie population of ten thousand higher order mutants evolving with NSGA-II and multi-objective genetic programming.) (Updated by.)
1 page version presented as a poster at GECCO-2009, p1945.
A Fast High Quality Pseudo Random Number Generator for nVidia CUDA, W. B. Langdon. Presented at CIGPU 2009, pp2511-2513. (PDF, C code DOI).
Evo_Indent Interactive Evolution of GNU indent Options, W. B. Langdon. Late Breaking paper at GECCO 2009, pp2081--2083. ( Tool).
Creating Regular Expressions as mRNA Motifs with GP to Predict Human Exon Splitting, W. B. Langdon, J. Rowsell, A. P. Harrison. Technical report TR-09-02, Department of Computer Science, King's College, London, March, 2009. GECCO-2009 poster pp1789--1790.
Evolving DNA motifs to Predict GeneChip Probe Performance, W. B. Langdon and A. P. Harrison, Algorithms in Molecular Biology, 2009 4:6. (PDF DOI). (Updates PPSN 2008).
Scaling of Program Functionality, W.B. Langdon, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines (2009) 10(1) 5-36, doi:10.1007/s10710-008-9065-y (preprint PDF)

2008

RNAnet - A Map of Human Genes W. B. Langdon, A. P. Harrison and Olivia Sanchez Graillet, From Functional Genomics to Systems Biology, EMBO 2008, 15-18 Nov 2008, EMBL Heidelberg. Poster.
RNAnet A web (firefox) based tool showing correlations between expression of human genes based on Ensembl exon definitions and Affymetrix HG-U133 2+ GEO datasets, W. B. Langdon. Presented at UKAffy 2008 (slides 1.6MB).
A Map of Human Gene Expression, W. B. Langdon, Technical report CES-486 Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, UK, July 2008.
Slides presented at BioGeeks 29 September 2009.
Row Quantile Normalisation of Microarrays, W. B. Langdon, Technical report CES-484, Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, UK, June 2008.
Is this the Future of Academic Publishing? W.B. Langdon. In SIGEvolution Spring 2008, 3(1) p16.
Evolving Regular Expressions for GeneChip Probe Performance Prediction, W.B. Langdon and A.P. Harrison, In Parallel Problem Solving from Nature - PPSN X, Gunter Rudolph and Thomas Jansen and Simon Lucas and Carlo Poloni and Nicola Beume eds., LNCS 5199, pp1061-1070. Springer. (DOI PDF gzip ps). poster. Journal article.
Evolving Regular Expressions for GeneChip Probe Performance Prediction, W.B. Langdon and A.P. Harrison, technical report CES-483, University of Essex, 27 April 2008. Gawk code.
GP on SPMD parallel Graphics Hardware for mega Bioinformatics Data Mining, W.B. Langdon and A.P. Harrison, in Soft Computing, October 2008, 12(12) 1169-1183. doi:10.1007/s00500-008-0296-x PDF gzip ps
Genetic Programming: An Introduction and Tutorial, with a Survey of techniques and Applications, William B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli and Nicholas F. McPhee and John R. Koza, in Computational Intelligence: A Compendium, John Fulcher and Lakhmi C. Jain (editors), Chapter 22, pages 927-1028. doi.
See also Technical report CES-475.
Evolving GeneChip Correlation Predictors on Parallel Graphics Hardware W.B. Langdon In CIGPU, (WCCI 2008) pages 4152-4157, 1-6 June, Hong Kong. PDF gzip ps Slides
A Fast High Quality Pseudo Random Number Generator for Graphics Processing Units W.B. Langdon, In CIGPU, (WCCI 2008) pages 459-465, 1-6 June, Hong Kong. PDF postscript Slides C++ code.
See also Technical report CES-477
Genetic Programming for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon, technical report CES-481, University of Essex, 26 Feb 2008.
W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Mapping Non-conventional Extensions of Genetic Programming. Natural Computing 7(1) March 2008, p21-43. doi:10.1007/s11047-007-9044-x PDF, Special issue on Unconventional Computing.
Earlier version in UC-06 Springer, LNCS 4135, pp166-180, York, 4-8 September.
Gene breakdown, Wyvern, February, 2008, page 12, University of Essex.
An Eigen Analysis of the GP Community W.B. Langdon and and R. Poli and W. Banzhaf PDF Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2009, 9(3) pp 171-182>. doi:10.1007/s10710-008-9060-3
A SIMD interpreter for Genetic Programming on GPU Graphics Cards, W.B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, In M. O'Neill, L. Vanneschi, A.I. Esparcia Alcazar, S. Gustafson eds., EuroGP 2008, pp73-85, LNCS 4971, 26-28 March, Naples. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-78671-9_7 PDF slides
See also Technical report CSM-470 C++ code.
Movies 1. google video, quality animation. 2. Genetic v. phenotypic 3. Million protein locators
Repeated Patterns in Tree Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, Natural Computation (2008) 7:589-613, Pre print doi:10.1007/s11047-007-9038-8 Update of EuroGP 2005 paper
Mackey-Glass time series benchmark

2007

W. B. Langdon (2007) Book Review The Cg Tutorial, Fernando and Kilgard, Computer Graphics Forum 26 (4), 853-853.
W. B. Langdon, PRNG Random Numbers on GPU, technical report CES-477, University of Essex. Code.
W. B. Langdon, R. da Silva Camargo and A. P. Harrison, Spatial Defects in 5896 HG-U133A GeneChips. Presented at Critical Assessment of Microarray Data Analysis (CAMDA 2007) EMERALD Workshop, Vidar Beisvag (ed.), 13-14 December 2007, Valencia. ps 800kb, PDF 5MB (slides). poster
W. B. Langdon, A SIMD interpreter for Genetic Programming on GPU Graphics Cards, Technical report CSM-470, ISSN 1744-8050, 3 July 2007, Essex University. C++ code. Slides. See also EuroGP 2008 paper.
Movies 1. google video, quality animation. 2. Genetic v. phenotypic 3. Million protein locators
Web Usage of the GP Bibliography W. B. Langdon SIGEvolution, 2006 1(4) 16-21. Online 2007.
Evolving Problems to Learn About Particle Swarm Optimizers and Other Search Algorithms, W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli, IEEE Transaction of Evolutionary Computation, 11(5) 561-578 PDF doi.

2006

W. B. Langdon, Predicting Ten Thousand Bits from Ten Thousand Inputs. Technical report CSM-457, ISSN 1744-8050, 10 August 2006, Essex University.
W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Evolving Problems to Learn about Particle Swarm Optimisers and other Search Algorithms. Technical report CSM-455, ISSN 1744-8050, 28 June 2006, Essex University. Published.
W. B. Langdon, Mapping Non-conventional Extensions of Genetic Programming. UC-06 Springer, LNCS 4135, pp166-180, York, 4-8 September. doi:10.1007/11839132, PDF, ps.gz. Replaced by invited article in Natural Computing.
W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, Finding Social Landscapes for PSOs via Kernels. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Vancouver, 2006, pages 6118-6125. Slides presented at WCCI-2006.
The Halting Probability in von Neumann Architectures, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, (PDF gzipped postscript), Slides presented at EuroGP-2006, LNCS 3905, 10-12 April 2006, Budapest, p225-237 Springer doi:10.1007/11729976_20
Two page summary available as technical report CSM-456.
On Turing complete T7 and MISC F-4 program fitness landscapes, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli. Technical report CSM-445, ISSN 1744-8050, Dec 2005, Essex University.
Dagstuhl PDF

2005

Kernel methods for PSOs, W. B. Langdon, Riccardo Poli and Christopher R. Stephens Technical report CSM-443, ISSN 1744-8050, Dec 2005, Essex University.
'Pure theatre' at Lakeside: Review of "Look Back in Anger" Wyvern Extra, June 2005, University of Essex.
Evolutionary Solo Pong Players, W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2005, volume 3, pp2621-2628, 2-5 September, Edinburgh, UK. PDF ps.gz. (Technical report CSM-423, ISSN 1744-8050, Essex University).
Evolving Problems to Learn about Particle Swarm and other Optimisers, W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli in Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation, CEC 2005, volume 1, pp81-88, 2-5 September, Edinburgh, UK. PDF ps.gz (slides).
Two page version (PDF ps.gz) presented at BNAIC 2005.
The Distribution of Amorphous Computer Outputs, W. B. Langdon. Position paper (eprint) at The Grand Challenge in Non-Classical Computation: International Workshop, Susan Stepney and Stephen Emmott Editors, 18-19 April 2005, York, UK.
Understanding Particle Swarm Optimisation by Evolving Problem Landscapes, W. B. Langdon Riccardo Poli, Owen Holland and Thiemo Krink (PDF) (gzip ps) presented at Swarm Intelligence Symposium 2005. Luca Maria Gambardella, Payman Arabshahi and Alcherio Martinoli (editors), pp30-37, 8-10 June 2005, Pasadena, California, USA. Two animated slides: constriction helps, hinders.
Pfeiffer - A Distributed Open-ended Evolutionary System, W. B. Langdon, In AISB'05: Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Socially Inspired Computing, (METAS 2005) Bruce Edmonds, Nigel Gilbert, Steven Gustafson, David Hales and Natalio Krasnogor Editors, 12-15 April 2005, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, England, pp. 7-13. (PDF).
Repeated Patterns in Tree Genetic Programming, W. B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, (PDF gzipped postscript), Slides presented at EuroGP-2005 LNCS 3447, 30 March - 1 April 2005 Lausanne, p190-202 DOI Revised for Natural Computing

Importance of nodes within protein prediction trees. Largest protein prediction tree. The 125 (15%) subtrees which change more than 10 training cases are highlighted in black. Of the remaining 725, 277 have no impact on fitness at all, while a further 151 affect only one (of 1213) training case. Note several large repeated subtrees (which must produce the same values) make little contribution to fitness.
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines: Five years of Reviews, W.B. Langdon and S. Gustafson, (PDF gzipped postscript), Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 2005, 6(2) pp.221-228. doi:10.1007/s10710-005-6165-9
Repeated Sequences in Linear Genetic Programming Genomes, William B. Langdon and Wolfgang Banzhaf, Complex Systems 15 (4) pp285-306. (PDF gzipped postscript). Extends GECCO'2004 late breaking paper. Data set

2004

Repeated Sequences in Linear GP Genomes, W.B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf, (GECCO'2004 late breaking paper PDF gzipped postscript). Movie. Poster
Global Distributed Evolution of L-Systems Fractals, W. B. Langdon. Presented at EuroGP'2004, LNCS 3003, 5-7 April 2004 Coimbra, Portugal, p349-358 PDF at Springer-Verlag. PDF ps.gz pfeiffer.html poster.
RN/04/13 gives all the snow flakes evolved during the trial period (PDF) (gzip postscript).
Genetic Programming for Mining DNA Chip data from Cancer Patients, W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 5 (3): 251-257, September 2004 (doi:10.1023/B:GENP.0000030196.55525.f7, PDF, ps.gz)
Genetic Programming in Data Mining for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett, Chapter 10 in Evolutionary Computing in Data Mining, Ashish Ghosh and Lakhmi C. Jain editors, Physica Verlag, pages 211-235, 2004. (PDF, ps.gz)

2003

The Application of Genetic Programming for Drug Discovery in the Pharmaceutical Industry, W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton. EPSRC project GR/S03546/01 with GlaxoSmithKline. Final report, IGR (PDF).
Comparison of DNAchip and Computer Vision Data, Technical Report RN/03/16, W. B. Langdon (PDF, ps.gz)
Predicting Biochemical Interactions - Human P450 2D6 Enzyme Inhibition, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton. CEC 2003, pages 807-814, 8-12 Dec, Canberra. DOI (PDF, ps.gz). Slides
Predicting Cancer, W. B. Langdon. UCL Science, September 2003, no. 17, page 2.
Convergence of Program Fitness Landscapes, W. B. Langdon. GECCO 2003 12-16 July, Chicago, pages 1702--1714. (PDF, ps.gz) LNCS 2724
Transferring Computer Science Research: Mining DNA chip Protein Expression, talk and poster at MIPNETS 25-27 June 2003.
The distribution of Reversible Functions is Normal, W. B. Langdon. Chapter 11, in Genetic Programming Theory and Practise, Rick L. Riolo and Bill Worzel (editors), pp173-188, Kluwer, 2003. GP series number 6. Slides presented at GP Workshop on Theory/Practice, 15-17 May 2003, University of Michigan. PDF ps.gz
Comparison of AdaBoost and Genetic Programming for combining Neural Networks for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton. Presented at EvoBIO'2003, 11-14 April 2003, LNCS 2611, Essex, p87-98, Springer-Verlag. ps.gz With the help of a Publication Support Grant from Evolsolve.

2002

Evolutionary Computation II Session at BNAIC 2002, W. B. Langdon, Newsletter BNVKI December, 2002 19(6) 145-146.
A Hybrid Genetic Programming Neural Network Classifier for Use in Drug Discovery, William B. Langdon, Soft Computing Systems - Design, Management and Applications, Ajith Abraham and Javier, Ruiz-del-Solar and Mario Koppen, Eds. page 6, 1-4 December 2002, IOS Press. Invited talk. Slides PDF.
Grand Challenges for Computing Removal of the Man-Machine Interface Bottleneck Do what I ment not what I said W. B. Langdon and Riccardo Poli, October 17, 2002. Also available as Research Note RN/02/20
Combining Machine Learning techniques to Predict Compounds' Cytochrome P450 High Throughput Screening Inhibition, W. B. Langdon, B. F. Buxton and S. J. Barrett (PDF). Poster at Knowledge Discovery meets Drug Discovery, KDmDD 2002.
How many Good Programs are there? How Long are they? W. B. Langdon (PDF, ps.gz). Presented at FOGA 2002, Kenneth A. De Jong and Riccardo Poli and Jonathan E. Rowe (editors) pp183-202, Morgan Kaufmann.
Convergence Rates for the Distribution of Program Outputs, W. B. Langdon, in GECCO 2002: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, New York, pp812-819, Morgan Kaufmann, 2002. (gp103.pdf PDF, ps.gz). Slides Presented at GECCO'2002
Short version presented at BNAIC 2002 (PDF, ps.gz) (2 pages)
Was Occam Wrong? Blunting Occam's Razor, W. B. Langdon, BNVKI newsletter 19(3) 56-57, June 2002 (html).
Combining Decision Trees and Neural Networks for Drug Discovery W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton. In Genetic Programming, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference EuroGP'2002, James A. Foster and Evelyne Lutton and Julian Miller and Conor Ryan and Andrea G. B. Tettamanzi (editors), Ireland, LNCS 2278, pp60-70, Springer-Verlag, 2002. PDF compressed postscript.
Structure of the Genetic Programming Search Space, W. B. Langdon. Presented at Dagstuhl (abstract, page 12).

2001

Genetic Programming for Combining Neural Networks for Drug Discovery, W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett and B. F. Buxton, in Soft Computing and Industry Recent Applications Rajkumar Roy, Mario Koppen, Seppo Ovaska, Takeshi Furuhashi, Frank Hoffmann (editors), pages 597-608, Springer-Verlag, 2002. Presented at WSC6 (pdf). WSC6 presentation.
Evolutionary Data Fusion, W. B. Langdon. Technical report RN/01/19.
Genetic Programming for Improved Receiver Operating Characteristics, W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton. In Josef Kittler and Fabio Roli editors, Second International Conference on Multiple Classifier System, LNCS 2096, pages 68-77, Cambridge, 2001. MCS 2001 (PDF, gzipped postscript).
Genetic Programming for Combining Classifiers W. B. Langdon and B. F. Buxton. Presented at GECCO'2001, pp 66-73, Morgan Kaufmann. (gzipped postscript, PDF)
Evolving Receiver Operating Characteristics for Data Fusion William B. Langdon and Bernard F. Buxton. Gzipped postscript, slides presented at EuroGP'2001.
Evolving Hand-Eye Coordination for a Humanoid Robot with Machine Code Genetic Programming, William B. Langdon and Peter Nordin, EuroGP'2001 Lake Como, Italy, pages 313--324. Springer. (gzipped postscript). (Elvis movie and summary).

2000

Maximum Product of Non-Negative Numbers, W. B. Langdon RN/01/14 (html).
Genetic Programming Bloat without Semantics, W.B. Langdon and W. Banzhaf. PPSN'2000, Paris, Pages 201-210. Springer. Gzipped postscript presented at (poster) (C++ code)
Problems with ROC, W.B. Langdon. Technical report RN/01/16 (gzipped postscript). Shows that the convex Hull is not guaranteed to be best way of combining classifiers.
Natural Language Text Classification and Filtering with Trigrams and Evolutionary Nearest Neighbour Classifiers, W.B. Langdon, CWI Report SEN-R0022 (at CWI) (GECCO'2000 late breaking paper, gzipped postscript).
Quadratic Bloat in Genetic Programming (ps.gz) (html). Presented at GECCO'2000
Seeding Genetic Programming Populations, EuroGP'2000, Edinburgh, pages 304-315, Springer. (gzipped postscript pdf)
Genetic Programming Approach to Benelearn 99: I (gzip ps) II (PDF)
William B. Langdon. Size fair and homologous tree genetic programming crossovers. Genetic Programming And Evolvable Machines, 1(1/2):95-119, April 2000. DOI: (pdf gzip ps)
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines: Books and other Resources, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, volume 1 number 1/2. doi:10.1023/A:1010028616099 (pdf gzip ps)

1999

Report on Evolutionary Computation 1 Session at BNAIC'99
GECCO'99 Student Workshop, Newsletter BNVKI, vol 16 no 5, pp 143-144, October 1999. and Robotica, vol 18 no 1, pp 87, 2000.
Linear Increase in Tree Height Leads to Sub-Quadratic Bloat ps.gz presented at FOGP
Scaling of Program Tree Fitness Spaces, W. B.Langdon, Evolutionary Computation 7(4): 399-428 doi:10.1162/evco.1999.7.4.399 (PDF ps.gz) (slides).
William B. Langdon, Terry Soule, Riccardo Poli, and James A. Foster. The evolution of size and shape. In Lee Spector, William B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors, Advances in Genetic Programming 3, chapter 8, pages 163-190. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999 ch08.ps.gz. (slides, 187kb, Java movie of evolution of best of generation phenotype, 276kb).
Boolean Functions Fitness Spaces, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, EuroGP-99, Goteborg, Sweden, pages 1-14, Springer. (gzipped postscript)
CSRP-98-16 Late Breaking paper at GP-98 (html) (poster).

1998

Why "Building Blocks" Don't Work on Parity Problems CSRP-98-17 (html).
Better Trained Ants for Genetic Programming CSRP-98-12 (html).
Better Trained Ants CSRP-98-08 (html) Late breaking paper at EuroGP '98.
Fitness Causes Bloat: Mutation, (PDF) presented at EuroGP '98 (technical report).
Why Ants are Hard, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, GP-98, Madison, USA, pages 193-201. (PDF, ps.gz)
(CSRP-98-04 html)
Genetic Programming Bloat with Dynamic Fitness, W. B. Langdon and R. Poli, EuroGP'98, Paris, pages 96-112, Springer. (PDF gzip ps)
CSRP-97-29 (html)
The Evolution of Size in Variable Length Representations, W. B. Langdon, WCCI '98 Anchorage, USA, pages 633-638, IEEE. (PDF, gzip ps) (poster).
Conference on Genetic Programming (GP-97) Robotica, 16:1 p117, 1998

1997

Genetic Programming in Europe
Fitness Causes Bloat: Simulated Annealing, Hill Climbing and Populations, CSRP-97-22
Fitness Causes Bloat in Variable Size Representation (ICGA-97 workshop)
Fitness Causes Bloat (html) (Second best paper overall award at WSC2)
An Analysis of the MAX Problem in Genetic Programming (in GP-97)

1996

Phd Thesis Genetic Programming and Data Structures, University College, London, 1996, 350 pages.
Evolution of Genetic Programming Populations, Research Note RN/96/125 (PDF gzip ps).
Using Data Structures with Genetic Programming (presented at GP-96)
Data Structures and Genetic Programming (in AiGP2)
A Bibliography for Genetic Programming (in AiGP2) (draft pdf)

1995

Survey of Genetic Programming (ps, pdf)
Introduction to Genetic Programming (hard copy only)
Evolving Data Structures Using Genetic Programming, In L. Eshelman editor, Genetic Algorithms: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference (ICGA95), pages 295-302, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1995 (PDF postscript).
RN/95/29 Pareto, Population Partitioning, Price and Genetic Programming (PDF postscript)
RN/95/71 Summary of directing crossover locations in a multi-tree GP, as used with list data structures (PDF ps)

Electricity Network Scheduling

Scheduling Maintenance of Electrical Power Transmission, W. B. Langdon, P. C. Treleaven, Chapter 10, pp 220-237, Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Systems, K. Warwick, A.O. Ekwue and R. Aggarwal Eds. 1997, IEE. (PDF, MS Postscript, html).
Technical report CSRP-97-22 summarizing Scheduling Maintenance of the South Wales Regional High Voltage Electricity network using GAs and GP.
IEE GP Paper on Scheduling Maintenance of the South Wales Regional High Voltage Electricity network.
W. B. Langdon, Scheduling planned maintenance of the South Wales region of the National Grid (submitted version), in Evolutionary Computing: AISB International Workshop Manchester, UK, 7-8 April, 1997 Selected Papers, David Corne, Jonathan L. Shapiro Editors, LNCS 1305, Pages 179-197.
Scheduling planned maintenance of the national grid, W. B. Langdon, AISB-95, Evolutionary Computing: AISB Workshop Sheffield, UK, April 3-4, 1995 Selected Papers Editors: Terence C. Fogarty, LNCS 993 pp. 132-153 (Springer) (postscript).

Informal documents available via ftp

Genetic Programming for Drug Discovery W. B. Langdon
Summary of Kauffman's NK landscapes inconjuction with Genetic Algorithms
Summary of seeding GA populations
Introduction to genetic programming in general and simple-gp.c in particular.
Bibliographies of Genetic Programming and the Application of Genetic Algorithms to Production Scheduling etc are held in ftp://ftp.cs.bham.ac.uk/pub/authors/W.B.Langdon/biblio

Joint (co-authored) papers

Strong Higher Order Mutation-Based Test Data Generation, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and William B. Langdon ESEC/FSE 2011, p212-222. DOI
Theoretical Results in Genetic Programming: The next ten years?, Riccardo Poli and Leonardo Vanneschi and William B. Langdon and Nicholas Freitag McPhee, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 11(3/4) pp285-320 2010. doi:10.1007/s10710-010-9110-5
A Manifesto for Higher Order Mutation Testing, Mark Harman and Yue Jia and William B. Langdon. Keynote at Mutation 2010, Paris, 6 April 2010, pp80-89. doi PDF.
Uncovering the Expression Patterns of Chimeric Transcripts Using Surveys of Affymetrix GeneChips, Joanna Rowsell and Renata da Silva Camargo and William B. Langdon and Maria A. Stalteri and Andrew P. Harrison, Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics, 7(3):137, 2010. doi:10.2390/biecoll-jib-2010-137
Presented at the 6th Integrative Bioinformatics Symposium 22-24 March 2010, Cambridge.
Unexpected presence of mycoplasma probes on human microarrays, Estibaliz Aldecoa-Otalora Astarloa and William B. Langdon and Phil Cunningham and Matthew J. Arno, BioTechniques, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp1013-1016, December 2009. doi 10.2144/000113271, PDF
(Link into RNAnet showing possible contamination by bacteria. Press plot and drag blue crosshairs to expose links to description of experiments on human RNA samples .)
Probes containing runs of guanine provide insights into the biophysics and bioinformatics of Affymetrix GeneChips, William B. Langdon and Graham J. G. Upton and Andrew P. Harrison, Briefings in Bioinformatics, 2009 10(3):259-277 doi:10.1093/bib/bbp018
G-spots cause incorrect expression measurement in Affymetrix microarrays, Graham J.G. Upton, William B. Langdon, Andrew P. Harrison, BMC Genomics, 9:613, 2008. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-613
Widespread existence of uncorrelated probe intensities from within the same probeset on Affymetrix GeneChips, Olivia Sanchez-Graillet, Joanna Rowsell, William B. Langdon, Maria A. Stalteri, Jose M. Arteaga Salas, Graham J.G. Upton, Andrew P. Harrison, Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics, 5(2):98, 2008.
Presented at IB'08.
An overview of image-processing methods for Affymetrix GeneChips, Jose M. Arteaga-Salas and Harry Zuzan and William B. Langdon and Graham J. G. Upton and Andrew P. Harrison, Briefings in Bioinformatics 2008 9(1) 25-33. doi:10.1093/bib/bbm055 Pre-publication PDF.
Mentioned in Biophotonics International, "GeneChip image processing" March 2008, page 56.
Identification of spatial biases in Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays, Jose M. Arteaga-Salas and William B. Langdon and Graham J. G. Upton and Andrew P. Harrison, CAMDA-2008, (slides pdf), David P Kreil and Joaquin Dopazo eds., 25-29, 4-6 Dec, Vienna.
Accelerating Genetic Programming through Graphics Processing Units, Wolfgang Banzhaf and Simon Harding and William B. Langdon and Garnett Wilson, Genetic Programming Theory and Practice VI, Rick L. Riolo and Terence Soule and Bill Worzel eds., chapter 15, 229--249, 15-17 May, Ann Arbor, Springer DOI.
Effect of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Affymetrix probes, Olivia Sanchez-Graillet and William B. Langdon and Andrew P. Harrison, CAMDA-2008, David P Kreil and Joaquin Dopazo eds., 43-47, 4-6 Dec, Vienna.
Genetic Programming An Introductory Tutorial and a Survey of Techniques and Applications, R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and N. F. McPhee and John R. Koza, Technical report CES-475, Computing and Electronic Systems, University of Essex, UK, Oct 2007.
The Genetic Programming Collaboration Network and its Communities. L. Luthi, M. Tomassini, M. Giacobini and W. B. Langdon, GECCO, pages 1643-1650, London, 7-11 July 2007. PDF PDF demo
The Structure of the Genetic Programming Collaboration Network. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines, 8(1) pp97-103 2007. Marco Tomassini, Leslie Luthi, Mario Giacobini and William B. Langdon 10.1007/s10710-006-9018-2
Markov Chain Models of Bare-Bones Particle Swarm Optimizers. R. Poli and W. B. Langdon, GECCO, pages 142-149, London, 7-11 July 2007. PDF
On the Limiting Distribution of Program Sizes in Tree-based Genetic Programming, R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and Stephen Dignum, Best paper award at EuroGP 2007 pp 193-204, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71605-1_18
Technical report CSM-464, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, Dec 2006.
Continuous Optimisation Theory Made Easy? Finite-element Models of Evolutionary Strategies, Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimizers. R. Poli and W. B. Langdon and M. Clerc and C. R. Stephens, Foundations of Genetic Algorithms 9, Mexico, 7-11 January 2007. LNCS 4436, p165-193, C. R. Stephens et al. (Eds.) Springer-Verlag. PDF doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73482-6_10
Backward-chaining Evolutionary Algorithms, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, Artificial Intelligence, 170(11) pp953-982, August 2006. (PDF)
Communication, Leadership, Publicity and Group Formation in Particle Swarms, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon and Paul Marrow and Jim Kennedy and Maurice Clerc and Dan Bratton and Nick Holden, ANTS 2006. Springer, LNCS 4150, pp132-143, Brussels, 4-7 September.
Technical report CSM-453, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, May 2006.
Emergent Behaviour, Population-based Search and Low-pass Filtering R. Poli, A. H. Wright, N. F. McPhee and W. B. Langdon 2006 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence CEC-2006 Vancouver, BC, Canada July 16-21, 2006 pp395-402. PDF (slides).
Emergent Behaviour, Population-based Search and Low-pass Filtering Riccardo Poli and Alden H. Wright and Nicholas F. McPhee and William B. Langdon Technical report CSM-446, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, Feb 2006.
An elementary formulation of Riemann's Zeta function, Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon, Technical report CSM-442, Computer Science, University of Essex, UK, Dec 2005.
arXiv.org > math > math/0701160
Advances in the Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Drug Discovery, Design and Development, S. J. Barrett and W. B. Langdon, WSC10: 10th Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications .
Published as "Advances in the Application of Machine Learning Techniques in Drug Discovery, Design and Development", S. J. Barrett and W. B. Langdon in "Applications of Soft Computing: Recent Trends" Ashutosh Tiwari, Joshua Knowles, Erel Avineri, Keshav Dahal and Rajkumar Roy (editors), Springer 2006, pages 99-110. PDF
Evolution of Force-Generating Equations for PSO using GP, Cecilia Di Chio, Riccardo Poli, William B. Langdon, AI*IA 2005 Workshop on Evolutionary Computation Winner of best paper award.
Running Genetic Programming Backward, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, GP theory and Practise workshop, Chapter 9, pp 125-140, 12-14 May 2005, Ann Arbor. Springer See also technical report CSM-425.
Backward-chaining Genetic Programming, Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon, GECCO-2005, pages 1777-1778.
Exploring Extended Particle Swarms: A Genetic Programming Approach, Riccardo Poli, Cecilia Di Chio, William B. Langdon, GECCO-2005, pages 169-176.
Extending Particle Swarm Optimisation via Genetic Programming. Riccardo Poli, William B. Langdon, Owen Holland, EuroGP-2005, pages 291-300, PDF
An Estimation of Distribution Algorithm Based on Maximum Entropy, Alden Wright, Riccardo Poli, Christopher R. Stephens, W. B. Langdon and Sandeep Pulavarty, GECCO-2004 LNCS 3102, 343-354
BioRAT: extracting biological information from full-length papers, David P.A. Corney, Bernard F. Buxton, William B. Langdon, and David T. Jones Bioinformatics 2004 20(17):3206-3213 pre-print PDF doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth386
UCL-CS Technical Report RN/03/17 (2003).
Multi-classifier Fusion by Genetic Programming, B. F. Buxton and W. B. Langdon, Abstract
Data Fusion by Intelligent Classifier Combination B. F. Buxton and W. B. Langdon and S. J. Barrett, Measurement and Control, vol 34, no. 8, p229-234, October 2001.
Awarded best paper prize by the Worshipful Company of Scientific Instrument Makers.
Measuring Facial Emotional Expressions Using Genetic Programming, A. Loizides and M. Slater and W. B. Langdon, in Soft Computing and Industry Recent Applications Rajkumar Roy, Mario Koppen, Seppo Ovaska, Takeshi Furuhashi, Frank Hoffmann (editors), pages 545-554, Springer-Verlag, 2002. Presented at WSC6.
Some considerations on the reason for bloat, W. Banzhaf and W. B. Langdon, Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 3 (1), 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1014548204452
GP-Beagle: A Benchmarking Problem Repository for the Genetic Programming Community, Robert Feldt, Michael O'Neill, Conor Ryan, Peter Nordin and William Langdon, GECCO'2000 late breaking paper, p90-97, 8 July (pdf).
Sander M. Bohte and and William B. Langdon and Han La Poutre On Current Technology for Information Filtering and User Profiling in Agent-Based Systems, Part I: A Perspective, TA internal (PDF) January 2000.
Martijn C. J. Bot and William B. Langdon, Application of Genetic Programming to Induction of Linear Classification Trees, EuroGP'2000, pages 247-258, Springer. ps-file
Martijn Bot and William B. Langdon Application of Genetic Programming to Induction of Linear Classification Trees (presented at BNAIC'99)
Riccardo Poli, Jonathan Page and W. B. Langdon Smooth Uniform Crossover, Sub-Machine Code GP and Demes: A Recipe For Solving High-Order Boolean Parity Problems CSRP-99-2 Presented at GECCO'99
Fuey Sian Chong and W. B. Langdon Java based Distributed Genetic Programming on the Internet CSRP-99-7 Presented at GECCO'99
Lee Spector, W. B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline. An introduction to the third volume. In Lee Spector, William B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors, Advances in Genetic Programming 3, chapter 1, pages 1-12. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999.
Riccardo Poli and William B. Langdon. Sub-machine-code genetic programming. In Lee Spector, William B. Langdon, Una-May O'Reilly, and Peter J. Angeline, editors, Advances in Genetic Programming 3, chapter 13, pages 301-323. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 1999.
J. Page, R. Poli, and W. B. Langdon. Smooth uniform crossover with smooth point mutation in genetic programming: A preliminary study. In Riccardo Poli, Peter Nordin, William B. Langdon, and Terence C. Fogarty, editors, Genetic Programming, Proceedings of EuroGP'99, volume 1598 of LNCS, pages 39-49, Goteborg, Sweden, 26-27 May 1999. Springer-Verlag.
Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon A Review of Theoretical and Experimental Results on Schemata in Genetic Programming (CSRP-97-27) Presented at EuroGP '98.
Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon On the Search Properties of Different Crossover Operators in Genetic Programming. Presented at GP-98 (GP-98 paper).
Cf. CSRP-98-7 On the Ability to Search the Space of Programs of Standard, One-point and Uniform Crossover in Genetic Programming
Riccardo Poli W. B. Langdon, and Una-May O'Reilly, Short Term Extinction Probability of Newly Created Schemata, and Schema Variance and Signal-to-Noise-Ratio Theorems in the Presence of Schema Creation, CSRP-98-6. Presented at GP-98.
Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon, Genetic Programming with One-Point Crossover and Point Mutation, CSRP-97-8. In WSC2.
Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon An Experimental Analysis of Schema Creation, Propagation and Disruption in Genetic Programming CSRP-97-8 (A shorter version was presented at ICGA-97).
Riccardo Poli and W. B. Langdon A New Schema Theory for Genetic Programming with One-Point Crossover and Point Mutation CSRP-97-03 (A shorter version was presented at GP-97).

W.B.Langdon